Many churches geared toward so-called spiritual seekers focus on God’s immanence, his nearness. They talk about a personal relationship with Christ, emphasizing his friendship and reminding audiences that God made us in his image. It all makes sense, because so many baby boomers left churches that felt impersonal and irrelevant. But the culture has shifted. Fewer Americans now claim any church background. Evangelical megachurches, once the upstart challengers, have become the new mainstream. Teenagers who grew up with buddy Jesus in youth group don’t know as much about Father God.

“We live in a transcendence-starved culture and a transcendence-starved evangelicalism,” said Timothy George, founding dean of Beeson Divinity School in Birmingham, Alabama. “We’ve so dumbed down the gospel and dumbed down worship in a good effort to reach as many people as we can that there’s almost a backlash. It comes from this great hunger for a genuinely God-centered, transcendence-focused understanding of who God is and what God wants us to do and what God has given us in Jesus Christ. All of that resonates deeply with a kind of pastoral Reformed position that Piper articulates so well.”

Indeed, Calvinism puts much stock in transcendence, which draws out biblical themes such as God’s holiness, glory, and majesty. Think of the prophet Isaiah’s vision in Isaiah 6:1: “In the year that King Uzziah died I saw the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up; and the train of his robe filled the temple.” In Piper’s preaching and Passion’s music, beholding God’s transcendence helps us experience his immanence or nearness. This powerful combination at conferences like Passion blows apart stereotypes of Reformed theology as cold and detached study of God.

“Someone like Louie Giglio is saying, ‘You know what, it’s not about us, it’s about God’s glory, it’s about his renown,’” Harris said. “Now I don’t think most kids realize this, but that’s the first step down a pathway of Reformed theology. Because if you say that it’s not about you, well, then you’re on that road of saying it’s not about your actions, your choosings, your determination.

“If you believe that ultimately it is your action, your choosing, your decision—that ultimately your salvation finally gets back to you— that’s going to turn into a very moralistic kind of religion,” Harris said. “That’s why a lot of people I hear from who discover Reformed theology talk about it almost like they got saved for the first time.”

A note of caution is in order. If we are to believe history’s most thorough study of teenagers’ religious attitudes, moralism is still winning. Christian Smith and Melinda Lundquist Denton, the sociologists who conducted that survey, argue that a new religion has supplanted Christianity in America. This religion teaches that “God is something like a combination Divine Butler and Cosmic Therapist: he is always on call, takes care of any problems that arise, professionally helps his people to feel better about themselves, and does not become too personally involved in the process,” Smith and Denton argue in Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers.⁹ They call this religion Moralistic Therapeutic Deism.